Typically, the one to be punished was stripped naked and bound to a low pillar so that he could bend over it, or chained to an upright pillar so as to be stretched out. The poet Horace refers to the horribile flagellum (horrible whip) in his Satires. The Romans reserved this treatment for non-citizens, as stated in the lex Porcia and lex Sempronia, dating from 195 and 123 BC. In addition to causing severe pain, the victim would approach a state of hypovolemic shock due to loss of blood. Such a device could easily cause disfigurement and serious trauma, such as ripping pieces of flesh from the body or loss of an eye. Whips with small pieces of metal or bone at the tips were commonly used. Most famously according to the gospel accounts, this occurred prior to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. In the Roman Empire, flagellation was often used as a prelude to crucifixion, and in this context is sometimes referred to as scourging. Jewish law limited flagellation to forty strokes, and in practice delivered thirty-nine, so as to avoid any possibility of breaking this law due to a miscount. Also, the person whipped is first judged whether they can withstand the punishment, if not, the number of whips is decreased. Halakha specifies the lashes must be given in sets of three, so the total number cannot exceed 39. However, in the absence of a Sanhedrin, corporal punishment is not practiced in Jewish law. Public flogging of a slave in Brazil – work of German painter Johann Moritz Rugendas (1802–1858) Judaism Īccording to the Torah (Deuteronomy 25:1-3) and Rabbinic law lashes may be given for offenses that do not merit capital punishment, and may not exceed 40. In Britain these were both abolished in 1948. However, in British legal terminology, a distinction was drawn (and still is, in one or two colonial territories ) between flogging (with a cat o' nine tails) and whipping (formerly with a whip, but since the early 19th century with a birch). In some circumstances the word flogging is used loosely to include any sort of corporal punishment, including birching and caning. For a moderated subform of flagellation, described as bastinado, the soles of a person's bare feet are used as a target for beating (see foot whipping). The strokes are typically aimed at the unclothed back of a person, though they can be administered to other areas of the body. Typically, flogging has been imposed on an unwilling subject as a punishment however, it can also be submitted to willingly and even done by oneself in sadomasochistic or religious contexts. Flagellation (Latin flagellum, 'whip'), flogging or whipping is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, rods, switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok, the knout, etc.
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